一、Incoterms
(Applicable to transportation and responsibility division)

1. EXW (Ex Works)
The seller makes the goods available at their premises. The buyer is responsible for all transportation costs and risks from the seller’s location.

2. FCA (Free Carrier)
The seller delivers the goods to a carrier or another nominated party at a specified location. The buyer assumes risks and costs from that point.

3. FOB (Free on Board)
The seller delivers goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment. The buyer is responsible for costs and risks once the goods are on board.

4. CFR (Cost and Freight)
The seller pays for transportation to the port of destination but not insurance. Risk transfers to the buyer when goods are on board the vessel.

5. CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight)
The seller covers costs, freight, and marine insurance to the port of destination. Risk transfers to the buyer upon loading.

6. DAP (Delivered at Place)
The seller delivers goods to the buyer at a specified destination (e.g., terminal, warehouse). The seller pays for transport but not import clearance.

7. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
The seller is responsible for all costs and risks until the goods are delivered at the destination, including import duties and taxes.

二、Terms of transportation mode
(Applicable to different transportation channels)
1. Ocean Freight
Sea transportation of goods in containers or bulk.
– LCL (Less than Container Load): Goods from multiple shippers in one container.
– FCL (Full Container Load): A container dedicated to a single shipper’s goods.

2. Air Freight
Transportation of goods by air, suitable for urgent or high-value cargo.

3. Rail Freight
Land transportation via railways, often used for large quantities over long distances.

4. Road Freight
Transportation by trucks or vans, suitable for regional or cross-border deliveries.

5. Multimodal Transport
Combining two or more transport modes (e.g., sea + rail + road) under a single contract.

三、Logistics operation terms
(Applicable to processes and documents)

1. Bill of Lading (B/L)
A legal document issued by a carrier confirming receipt of goods for shipment. It serves as a title to the goods and a contract of carriage.

2. Waybill
A document used in air or road transport that confirms the shipment and specifies the consignor and consignee. Unlike B/L, it is not a title to the goods.

3. Customs Clearance
The process of submitting documents to customs authorities for import/export approval, including duties and taxes.

4. Manifest
A list of cargo or passengers carried on a vessel, aircraft, or vehicle, submitted to customs or port authorities.

5. Insurance Certificate
A document proving that marine or transit insurance covers the goods during transportation.

6. Warehousing
Storage of goods in warehouses before or after transportation.

四、Terms of cost and risk
(Applicable to cost and responsibility)

1. Freight Prepaid
Transportation costs paid by the shipper before shipment.

2. Freight Collect
Transportation costs payable by the consignee upon delivery.

3. Demurrage
Charges incurred when a vessel is delayed at a port beyond the agreed “free time” for loading/unloading.

4. Detention
Fees for keeping shipping equipment (e.g., containers) beyond the allowed free period.

5. Force Majeure
An unforeseen event (e.g., natural disaster, strike) that excuses non-performance of a contract.

五、Terminology of ports and facilities
(Applicable to logistics nodes)

1. Port of Loading
The port where goods are loaded onto a vessel for export.

2. Port of Discharge
The port where goods are unloaded from the vessel.

3. Container Terminal
A facility for loading, unloading, and storing shipping containers.

4. Inland Depot
A storage facility located away from ports, used for customs clearance or temporary storage.